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In electromagnetism, electric flux is the measure of flow of the electric field through a given area. Electric flux is proportional to the number of electric field lines going through a normally perpendicular surface. If the electric field is uniform, the electric flux passing through a surface of vector area is : where is the electric field (having units of ), is its magnitude, is the area of the surface, and is the angle between the electric field lines and the normal (perpendicular) to . For a non-uniform electric field, the electric flux through a small surface area is given by : (the electric field, , multiplied by the component of area parallel to the field). The electric flux over a surface is therefore given by the surface integral: : where is the electric field and is a differential area on the closed surface with an outward facing surface normal defining its direction. For a closed Gaussian surface, electric flux is given by: : where : is the electric field, : is any closed surface, : is the total electric charge inside the surface , : is the electric constant (a universal constant, also called the "permittivity of free space") (ε0 ≈ 8.854 187 817... x 10−12 farads per meter (F·m−1)). This relation is known as Gauss' law for electric field in its integral form and it is one of the four Maxwell's equations. While the electric flux is not affected by charges that are not within the closed surface, the net electric field, , in the Gauss' Law equation, can be affected by charges that lie outside the closed surface. While Gauss' Law holds for all situations, it is only useful for "by hand" calculations when high degrees of symmetry exist in the electric field. Examples include spherical and cylindrical symmetry. Electrical flux has SI units of volt metres (), or, equivalently, newton metres squared per coulomb (). Thus, the SI base units of electric flux are . Its dimensional formula is . ==See also== *Magnetic flux *Maxwell's equations related websites are following: http://www.citycollegiate.com/coulomb4_XII.htm〔electric flux〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Electric flux」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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